DBP2:UNC

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• Title: Longitudinal MRI study of early brain development in neuropsychiatric disorder: UNC Autism Study

• Name of the PI: To be determined (Heather Cody Hazlett, PhD, Co-PI Joseph Piven)

• Affiliation/Institution: UNC Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry and the Neruodevelopmental Disorders Research Center NDRC

• Science: Multiple lines of converging evidence (from MRI, post-mortem and head circumference studies) indicate that brain enlargement in autism is a real phenomenon. However, the onset, trajectory and pattern of this enlargement (in brain tissues, regions and structures), relationship to developing neural circuitry and clinical features; and, pathogenesis, are not yet clear. Results from our longitudinal MRI study of brain development (2 years with follow-up at 4 years) demonstrate robust generalized enlargement of white and gray matter volume in cerebral cortex in autistic individuals (N= 51) by age 2 yrs. The MRI and earlier head circumference data strongly suggest a period of substantial brain overgrowth in autistic individuals between age 12 and 24 months, continuing into ages 4 and 5. This study will provide critical information about the trajectory of brain growth (regions, tissues, structures and fiber tracts) as measured on MRI and DTI, the potential relationship to clinical features; and underlying genetic etiology. These results will provide important insights into developmental brain and behavioral phenotypes, and neurobiological mechanisms in autism.

• Benefits to NA-MIC: There is a lack of appropriate tools for processing of pediatric MRI, a challenging topic since pediatric MRI differs significantly from adult MRI due to variable brain shape and the process of maturation/myelination which are reflected in nonlinear shape/volume changes but also regional change of white matter:. Working on a toolkit for the community would have a large impact, in particular also in view of existing and soon to be available databases of normative pediatric MRI (PI Alan Evans). Access to the UNC longitudinal pediatric MRI data representing a period of moderate but significant brain growth can spawn off interesting new software methodology developments from Core-1. Besides existing multi-modal MRI data, the UNC group has a very large set of segmented data (subcortical structures measured with very high reliability (0.92 up to 0.99) for over 140 MRI data sets(hippocampus, amygdale, putamen, pallide globe, caudate, ventricles) - to our knowledge the largest segmentation database of such high quality. These data could be used for shape analysis of growth trajectory and can also serve as a benchmark for novel semi-automated processing. The group has profound experience with the development of novel segmentation protocols (http://www.psychiatry.unc.edu/autismresearch/MRI_PAGE.htm) and the design of large-scale validation of segmentation methodology (see Yushkevich et al., 2006, NeuroImage, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015). Moreover, the groups experience with state-of-the-art ITK/vtk processing tools will help to critically assess and improve the NA-MIC toolkit’s development from the viewpoint of users involved in large clinical studies. The processing of a relatively large database needs highly automated processing “pipelines”, i.e. co-registration of multi-modal data, atlas-to-template registration, automatic tissue segmentation, lobe parcellation, MRI-DTI registration, ROI analysis, and statistical analysis. This data therefore would be an excellent testbed for new automated Slicer 3 processing. A growth-rate analysis might have to include new methods for longitudinal image analysis, cortical thickness and cortical folding pattern analysis, methods not yet developed for the NA-MIC toolkit but required for human brain studies.

• Benefits to UNC NDRC group: The UNC autism research group will have access to NAMIC tools not yet available for analysis, which will expose them to new tools and procedures beyond the ones locally developed. This will significantly expand their processing capabilities but also will allow them to do research within a larger team of leading image analysis research groups. New tools applied to the existing longitdudinal autism pediatric study, including raw image data and processed anatomical structures, are most likely lead to publications demonstrating the processing capabilities and versatility of the NAMIC toolkit.